Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumeha)  is a well-known clinical syndrome since antiquity. First time the role of Diet in the prevention, etiology and treatment of Diabetes was mentioned in Ayurveda under the heading of Prameha  and Madumeha.  Caraka Samhita, Susruta Samhita and other Ayurvedic classics have appropriate descriptions on the role of diet, habits and life style in Prameha  and Madhumeha,  which is akin to Diabetes. Recent modern (contemporary) Researches and statistics support these descriptions. Aim of this article is to alarm people regarding role of diet and lifestyle in Diabetes through Ayurvedic approach and contemporary scientific correlation with support of clinical and statistical data.

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The present study was designed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic effect of aqueous extract of Achyranthes aspera  a in experimental rats fed with diet containing sesame oil. Hyperlipidemia and the effect of Achyranthes aspera in experimental rats were studied by assessing parameters such as cholesterol, phospholipids, freefattyacids and triglycerides in serum, liver, and heart and kidney tissues. The levels of HDL, LDL, VLDL and atherogenic index were assessed. Hyperlipidemia in experimental rats were evidenced by a significant enhancement in the levels of cholesterol phospholipids, freefattyacids and triglycerides in serum, liver heart and kidney tissues by atherogenic diet feeding. A significant fall in HDL in both Anjali and Idhayam oil treated groups were observed in serum. These values retrieved towards normalcy in Achyranthes aspera  treated groups. This study unveiled the antihyperlipidemic activity of Achyranthes aspera .

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Metals and minerals are used profusely in practice of Ayurveda  after proper incineration by the name of Bhasma.  Some metals and minerals have the potency to produce toxic effects in human being. In this paper safety and toxicity profiles of Tamra Bhasma  (incinerated copper, Cu), Lauha Bhasma  (incinerated iron, Fe), and Yashada Bhasma  (incinerated Zinc, Zn) has been presented, which reveal no serious deleterious effects on body function as a whole.

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The Ethanolic extract of whole plant of Euphorbia hirta  was screened for burn wound healing activity in rats as 2% W/W cream. The study was carried out based on the assessment of percentage reduction in original wound. It showed significant burn wound healing activity.

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To evaluate the free radical scavenging activity of flavonoids containing extracts of Stevia leaf. Alcoholic. Successive butanolic and alcoholic extracts of leaves were examined for free radical scavenging activity using BHT (tert-butylhydroxytolune) as a positive control by in vitro models. Successive alcoholic extract showed remarkable free radical scavenging activity. The IC₅₀  was found to be 140 μg and 76 ig of successive alcoholic and BHT respectively in DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay method. The Dot-Blot test on silica layers also showed thescavenging activity of free radical of flavonoids containing extracts. The successive alcoholic extract shown significant antioxidant activity.

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The extract of Chloroxylon sweitenia  (Family: Rutaceae) leaves were investigated for its anti-inflammatory activity at the different doses in the standard animal models. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan induced rat paw oedema (acute), and cotton pellet induced granuloma (chronic) models in rats for anti-inflammatory activity. In rats the toxicity was also performed for the extract by oral administration. The chloroform extract of Chloroxylon sweitenia  (CECS) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effect at the dose 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Maximum inhibition (55.32 %) was noted at the dose of 200 mg/kg after 3 h of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw oedema, whereas the Diclofenac (standard drug) produced 61.33 % of inhibition. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) the CECS (200 mg/kg) and standard drug showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 52.32 % and 56.32 % (p < 0.001) respectively. The CECS further evaluated for their toxicity effect at the doses of 100 mg/kg administered for 14 days to orally in rats. At the end of experiments the blood, liver function and kidney metabolism was observed. The effect of CECS was assessed by the change in the body weight, lipid peroxidation and glutathione content (GSH) activities were measured from hepatic tissues. The hematological profile and different biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, and ALP were also estimated. Thus, the present study revealed that the chloroform extract of Chloroxylon sweitenia  exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models Toxicity study indicates that the extract is non-toxic at the tested doses.

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The anthelmintic activities of different extracts of aerial parts of Celsia coromandeliane  Vahl and Mollugo pentaphylla  Linn were evaluated separately on adult Indian earthworm (Pheritima posthuma ). It was found that petroleum ether (PECC), chloroform (CCC), ethanol (ECC) extract of C. coromandeliane  and petroleum ether (PEMP), benzene (BMP), ethyl acetate (EAMP), ethanol (EMP) extract of M. pentaphylla  showed anthelmintic activities at the concentration of 5 mg/ml of each. The anthelmintic effects of CCC, PEMP, BMP and EAMP at 5 mg/ml and PECC at 10-mg/ml concentrations are comparable with that of the effects produced by the reference standards albendazole (10 mg/ml) and piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml).

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The roots of Ichnocarpus frutescens  (L) R.Br. (Apocynaceae) are used in indigenous system of medicine. The present study on phytochemical characteristics of root powder, namely behavior with different chemical reagents, fluorescent behaviour, extractive values, colour and consistency and qualitative phytochemical studies are useful for identification and conformation of its authenticity.

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The methanolic extract of Sida retusa  Linn.(Malvaceae),Urena lobata  Linn.(Malvaceae)and Triumfetta rhomboidea  Jacq.(Teliaceae) roots were found to inhibit lipid peroxidation, scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro. The quantity of S .retusa  root extract required for 50% inhibition of lipid peroxidation, scavenging hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical was 1130.24 ug/ml respectively. IC 50 of root extract of U.lobata  was 470.60 ug/ml, 1627.35ug/ml and 1109.24 ug/ml for superoxide radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation respectively. T .rhomboidea  root extract required for IC 50 was 336.65 ug/ml, 1346.03 ug/ml and 1004.22 ug/ml for superoxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation respectively. The present investigation indicated that S. retusa, U.lobata  and T .rhomboidea  possessed significant antioxidant activity.

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The ameliorative activity of herbal powder prepared from Veronia cinerea  leaves on CCl₄  (0.2ml/kg body wt. intraperitoneally (ip) and liquid paraffin (0.2 ml / kg body wt:ip) induced hepatotoxicity was studied in rats. The liver marker enzymes namely alanine transmainase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were decreased in 10% w/v liver homogenates of hepatotoxicity induced rats. The results of both post treated and pre treated groups suggest the hepatoprotective activity of Veronia cinerea  in CCl₄  induced rats.

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The antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract leaf and stem of Santalum album  was performed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas . S. album  leaf extract showed inhibition to E.coli  (0.8mm) , Staphylococcus aureus  (1.0mm) and Pseudomonas  (1.4mm) were as stem extract showed inhibition on E.coli&nsbp; (0.6mm), Staphylococcus aureus  (0.4mm) and seudomonas  (1.0mm) respectively. However leaf extract showed significantly higher inhibition when compared to stem extract. This might be due to presence of higher amount of secondary metabolites in the aqueous leaf extract.

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Siddha system of medicine is one of the ancient systems of medicine in India. According to Siddhars, peptic ulcer is known as Valigunmam with its signs and symptoms as detailed in Siddha literature matching modern terminology of peptic ulcer. Bhasma refers to calcinated metals and minerals. During this study the Bhasma of Musa paradisiaca Linn,  is prepared and evaluated for its antiulcer effect in albino wistar rats which could not be attempted by researchers earlier.

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The present paper profiles plants used as anti-diabetic agents by the Nilgiri hills. The plants have been well identified and studied from the ethno therapeutics point of view.

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Cnicus wallichi DC  belonging to the family Asteraceae, was studied to fix the parameters for pharmacognostical standards in order to ensure the use of only genuine and uniform materials of such herbal remedies, work on standardization assumes vital significance. Pharmacognostical study has therefore, been carried out, covering detailed morphological and anatomical characters, features of the powdered drug including leaf constants like Vein islet number, Vein termination number, Stomatal number, Stomatal index, Palisade ratio, Powder microscopy of the leaf and stem. Physical constants like ash values and extractive values.

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The macroscopical characters of the leaves, leaf constants, physico-chemical constants, extractive values, colour, consistency, pH, extractive values with different solvents, micro chemical test, fluorescence characters of liquid extracts and leaf powder after treatment with different chemical reagents under visible and UV light at 254mn, measurement of cell and tissues were studied to fix some pharmacognostical parameters for leaves of Pithecellobium, dulce Benth  which will enable the future investigators for identification of the plant. Preliminary phytochemical study on different extracts of the leaves were also performed.

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Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder, is characterized by hyperglycemia and altered metabolism. The administration of D-Nil plus  (a polyherbal drug) showed effective treatment for alloxan induced diabetes in rats. In diabetic rats, haematological profiles namely RBC, WBC, platlet count and haemoglobin were decreased whereas ESR was increased. Similarly biochemical parameters creatinine, urea and protein were decreased but cholesterol level was increased. After the treatment with D-Nil plus , haematological parameters and biochemical parameters were reversed. The results suggest that the D-Nil plus  can be used for the treatment of diabetes.

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The refractive index as well as molar refraction, is the true index of purity of substance and plays a vital role in solution chemistry. A small addition of a foreign substance either in solid state of liquid form is going to effect the refractive index. As such the variation of refractive indices in pure glucose solution as a function of concentration is studied in detail and this principle is extended to the study of the refractive indices of urine solution of diabetic patients. The refractive indices are measured by spectrometry and abbe refractometry. A detailed study of variation of refractive indices of urine samples containing different sugar concentrations, of patients of different age groups revealed that the increase in refractive index follows a linear scale and can be explained by the equation, n=n_o  [l+0.00251og (a s)^1/4 ] [l+0.031og0.011C]. These study provided an opportunity to project refractometry as an effective tool in diagnosing the diabetic level of a patient by making use of a simple calibration curve of increment in refractive index 'Δ n , as a function of level of the disease.

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