|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2013 | Volume
: 33
| Issue : 2 | Page : 109-113 |
|
In-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Xanthium strumarium L. extracts on methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Javad Sharifi Rad1, Seyedeh Mahsan Hoseini Alfatemi2, Majid Sharifi Rad3, Marcello Iriti4
1 Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
2 Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
3 Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
4 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| Date of Web Publication | 18-Aug-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Seyedeh Mahsan Hoseini Alfatemi
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.139050
Background and Aims: The excessive and repeated use of antibiotics in medicine has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus whose emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has reduced the number of antibiotics available to treat clinical infections caused by this bacterium. In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Xanthium strumarium L. leaves were evaluated on methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) spp.
Materials and Methods: Antiradical and antioxidant activities X. strumarium L. leaf extract were evaluated based on its ability to scavenge the synthetic 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and by the paired diene method, respectively, whereas the antimicrobial activity was assayed by the disc diffusion method.
Statistical Analysis: Data were subjected to analysis of variance following an entirely random design to determine the least significant difference at P < 0.05 using SPSS v. 11.5.
Results and Conclusions: The IC 50 values of the extract were 0.02 mg/mL and 0.09 mg/mL for the antioxidant and DPPH-scavenging capacity, respectively. X. strumarium extract affected both methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA, though antibacterial activity was more effective on methicillin-susceptible S. aureus spp. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities exhibited by the methanol extract may justify the traditional use of this plant as a folk remedy worldwide. Keywords: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, antioxidant activity, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthium strumarium L
How to cite this article:
Rad JS, Alfatemi SH, Rad MS, Iriti M. In-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Xanthium strumarium L. extracts on methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ancient Sci Life 2013;33:109-13 |
How to cite this URL:
Rad JS, Alfatemi SH, Rad MS, Iriti M. In-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Xanthium strumarium L. extracts on methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ancient Sci Life [serial online] 2013 [cited 2023 Apr 1];33:109-13. Available from: https://www.ancientscienceoflife.org/text.asp?2013/33/2/109/139050 |
| Introduction | |  |
Many medicinal plants are considered as important natural remedies for the treatment of various diseases. The excessive and repeated use of some synthetic drugs in modern medicine has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus. [1] The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of this bacterium reduces the number of antibiotics available to treat clinical infections caused by this pathogen. [2] S. aureus is a highly variable pathogen with considerable impact on human health. It is responsible for a wide range of hospital and community-acquired infections globally, from skin infections and food poisoning to life-threatening conditions such as toxic-shock syndrome, endocarditis, pneumonia, bacteremia, and osteomyelitis. [3],[4]
Xanthium strumarium L. is an annual plant belonging to the family Asteraceae. In Iran, X. strumarium is available between August and September. In many countries, different plant parts, especially fruit and root, are used as remedies. Various parts of this plant species were found to possess useful medicinal properties such as antitrypanosomal, [5] diuretic, [6] hypoglycemic, [7] anthelmintic, [8] antifungal, [9] antileishmanial, [9] antiulcerogenic, [10] and anti-inflammatory [11],[12] activities, it is also known to inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells in vitro[13] and to exert a neuroprotective activity on the central nervous system. [14]
The chemical constituents of X. strumarium include phenolic compounds such as ferulic acids, chlorogenic acids and thiazolidinediones; [15] caffeic acid, 1, 3, 5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid; [16] isoprenoids as β-sitosterol and strumasterol; [17] monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; [17] xanthanolide sesquiterpene lactones [18] and triterpenoid saponins. [19] In addition, Srinivas et al. [20] reported, high levels of alkaloids, phenolic acids, and diterpenes and significant concentrations of saponins, glycosides, fixed oils, and phytosterols in X. strumarium. [20] The main aim of the present study was to carry out in vitro tests on X. strumarium from Iran by to assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic leaf extracts.
| Materials and methods | | |
Plant material and extract
Leaves of X. strumarium were collected between August and September 2012 from the area of Hamun Lake of Zabol (31° 1′ 43″ N, 61° 30′ 4″ E), Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. The plant was taxonomically identified by a botanist at the herbarium of Department of Botany, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran. 20 g of dried leaves were and extracted in 200 mL 85% methanol using a shaker water bath for 24 h at 25°C. After filtration with Whatman No. 1 filter paper, filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator at 50°C for 30 min., to remove solvent from the extract. Solid extract was dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water. This working solution was used for all tests in this study.
Antioxidant activity
Antioxidant activity was determined by the paired diene method. [21] The antioxidant activity measured represents the capacity of the plant extract to inhibit the peroxidation of linoleic acid, in which the double bond is changed to a paired diene. Each extract sample (0.01-30 mg/mL) in methanol (100 μL) was blended with 3 mL of 10 mM linoleic acid (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) to form an emulsion in 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) in test tubes, and then placed in the dark at 37°C to stimulate oxidation. After incubation for 17 h, 7 mL of 70% methanol in deionized water was added, and the absorbance of the mixture was measured at 234 nm against a blank in a Hitachi U-2001 spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan). Antioxidant activity was measured as follows:
Antioxidant activity (%) = [(∆A 234 of control − ∆A 234 of sample)/∆A 234 of control] ×100.
IC 50 value (mg/mL) is the efficient concentration at which the antioxidant capacity was inhibited by 50%, and was gained by interpolation from linear regression analysis Analyses were repeated 3 times (technical replicates). α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used as standard controls.
Scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals
The scavenging ability on the synthetic (DPPH, Sigma) free radical, determined according to Shimada et al., [22] is the capability of the extract to respond rapidly with DPPH radicals and to scavenge most DPPH radical molecules. The test was repeated 3 times. α-tocopherol, BHA and ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used as standards. A volume of 5 mL of the methanolic extract (0.5-40 mg/mL) was mixed with 1 mL of methanolic solution containing DPPH radicals, resulting in a final concentration of 0.2 mM DPPH. The mixture was shaken vigorously, left to stand for 40 min., in the dark, and the absorbance was read at 517 nm against a blank. The scavenging ability was determined as follows:
Scavenging ability (%) = [(∆A 517 of control − ∆A 517 of sample)/∆A 517 of control] ×100.
IC 50 value (mg/mL) is the efficient concentration at which the antioxidant activity was inhibited by 50% and DPPH radicals were scavenged by 50%, and was gained by interpolation from linear regression analysis.
Bacterial isolates
The S. aureus strains used in this study were clinical isolates from patients with S. aureus infections, obtained from the Microbiological Laboratory of the Central Hospital in Zabol, Iran. Isolated were identified by biochemical (catalase, coagulase and DNase) and molecular tests. Isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were identified by screening tests on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA, Torlak, Berlin, Germany) complemented with 5% NaCl and 1 mg/mL oxacillin-impregnated disc. [23] The two strains used in this study were ATTC 25923 (MRSA) and PTCC 1341 (MSSA).
Disc-diffusion assay
Antimicrobial tests were carried out by the disc diffusion method using 100 μL of bacteria suspension (containing 2.0 × 10 8 CFU/mL of bacteria) dispersed on MHA in sterilized Petri dishes (60 mm in diameter). To the discs (6 mm in diameter, HI Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) placed on the inoculated agar, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μL of leaf extracts were added. The inoculated plates were maintained at 4°C for 2 h and later incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition (mm) against the test bacterial (MRSA and MSSA) strains.
Statistical analysis
The extract was prepared in triplicate for antioxidant and antibacterial tests. Data were subjected to analysis of variance following an entirely random design to determine the least significant difference at P < 0.05, using statistical software package (SPSS, version 11.5, IBM Corporation, NY, USA). All results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
| Results | | |
The results on antioxidant and antiradical activities of the tested extract are summarized in [Table 1]. The levels of both antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging capacities are inversely correlated with their IC 50 values. The IC 50 values of antioxidant activity were 0.04, 0.06, 3.12, and 0.02 mg/mL for α-tocopherol, BHA, ascorbic acid and X. strumarium leaf extract, respectively. For the radical scavenging capacity, IC 50 values were 1.01, 0.27, 4.01, and 0.09 mg/mL for α-tocopherol, BHA, ascorbic acid and X. strumarium extract, respectively. In both assays, activity of X. strumarium methanol extract was significantly higher than that of the three tested reference compounds (P < 0.05) [Table 1]. The results of antibacterial activity of the leaf extract are shown in [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. Our result showed that inhibition zones for MSSA (PTCC 1341) bacteria were 12.11 ± 0.12 (f), 16.08 ± 0.14 (d), 23.06 ± 0.04 (b), and 26.00 ± 0.00 (a) mm at concentrations of 50, 10, 200, and 300 μL of plant extract, respectively (P < 0.05) [Figure 1]. The inhibition zones for MSSA isolates were 11.01 ± 0.03 (g), 14.03 ± 0.00 (e), 18.06 ± 0.14 (c), and 26.0.1 ± 0.02 (a) mm, at concentrations of 50, 10, 200, and 300 μL of plant extract, respectively (P < 0.05) [Figure 1]. Inhibition zones relative to MRSA (ATTC 25923) strain were 8.11 ± 0.00 (e), 12.11 ± 0.11 (c), 15.01 ± 0.00 (b), and 18.4 ± 0.07 (a) mm at concentrations of 50, 10, 200, and 300 μL of plant extracts, respectively (P < 0.05) [Figure 2]. Inhibition areas obtained for MRSA isolates were 6.4 ± 0.2 (f), 8.12 ± 0.01 (d), 12.2 ± 0.5 (c), and 17.8 ± 0.9 (b) mm, at concentrations of 50, 10, 200, and 300 μL of plant extracts, respectively (P < 0.05) [Figure 2]. Our results showed a dose-response correlation between the plant extract concentration and the inhibition of bacterial growth. | Figure 1: Antibacterial activity of Xanthium strumarium leaf extract against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) standard (PTCC 1341) and the clinical isolate MSSA (n = 15) measured as diameter of the zone of inhibition (mm). Different letters indicate significant differences according to the least significant difference test at P < 0.05. All results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of Xanthium strumarium leaf extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) standard (ATTC 25923) and the clinical isolate MRSA (n = 20) measured as diameter of the zone of inhibition (mm). Different letters indicate significant differences according to the least significant difference test at P < 0.05. All results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation
Click here to view |
 | Table 1: IC50 values (mg/mL) of the X. strumarium leaf extract in two tests: Paired diene method and DPPH radical scavenging assay
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
According to the European Antimicrobial Surveillance System, MRSA represents currently a huge burden for many healthcare institutions and it is by far the most significant antibiotic-resistant acquired pathogen worldwide.
In previous studies, ethanol extracts from leafs of Eremophila alternifolia (Myoporaceae), Eremophila duttonii R.Br. (Myoporaceae), Amyema quandong (Lindl.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) and from the stem base of Lepidosperma viscidum R.Br. (Cyperaceae), traditional Australian medicinal plants, showed antibacterial activity against MRSA. [24] Essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae), Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) [25] and Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassicaceae) [26] were also effective against clinical isolates of MRSA in disc diffusion assay. More recently, antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Daucus crinitus was reported with the same method, even if resistance or sensitivity to methicillin of S. aureus strains used were not specified by authors. [27] As regards X. strumarium, a methanol leaf extract exhibited a significant inhibitory activity on the growth of S. aureus, [28] and similar results were reported on chloroform and ethanol fractions from X. strumarium leaves. [29] Again, in both studies, the sensitivity to methicillin of the isolates was not specified. [28],[29] Interestingly, chlorhexidine gluconate (1% and 4%) exerted a high biocide activity on both MSSA and MRSA. [30]
Our results showed that the maximum concentration of the extract (300 μL) was inhibitory both against MSSA and MRSA strains, with the highest inhibition zones of 25 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The inhibitory activity of the plant extract against MSSA was higher than against MRSA, i.e. in other words, X. strumarium exerted a higher antimicrobial effect on MSSA than on MRSA. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of X. strumarium leaves was previously reported by Srinivas et al. [20] and ascribed to the main components, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and saponins, phytochemicals with well-known antimicrobial properties. [30]
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay is a sensitive method widely used to assess the free radical scavenging activity of plant extracts or isolated phytochemicals. DPPH is a stable free radical which accepts an electron or hydrogen radical to turn into a stable diamagnetic molecule. [31],[32] This test possesses many advantages compared with other methods, such as good stability, sensitivity, feasibility, and handiness. [33] Antioxidant activity was expressed as the IC 50 (mg/mL), which is the effective concentration at which the antioxidant activity was inhibited by 50%, gained by interpolation from linear regression analysis. Very recently, Kamboj et al. [34] have reported that, among all different organs of X. strumarium, leaf ethanol extract, with high levels of phenolics and the highest amount of flavonoids, showed the highest antioxidant activity. Finally, the relevant antioxidant and antiradical capacities of X. strumarium suggest a potential use for the prevention and treatment of diseases correlated with oxidative stress.
| Conclusion | | |
The antibacterial activity may be possibly attributed to the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins and triterpinoids in the methanol extract, as reported in literature. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities exhibited by the methanol extract may justify the traditional use of this plant as folk remedy worldwide. X. strumarium has emerged as a relevant medicinal plant by virtue of its documented biological properties and possible applications.
| Acknowledgment | | |
The authors are very grateful to Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol for financial support.
| References | | |
| 1. | Miri A, Rad JS, Alfatemi SMH, Rad MS. A study of Antibacterial potentiality of some plants extracts against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. Ann Biol Res 2013;4:35-41. 
|
| 2. | Holman L. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Radiol Technol 2013;84:307-10.
[PUBMED] |
| 3. | Alfatemi SMH, Rad JS, Rad MS, Mohsenzadeh S, da Silva JAT. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and in vitro antibacterial activity of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch essential oil on methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus spp. 3 Biotech 2014;1-6.
|
| 4. | Akineden O, Hassan AA, Schneider E, Usleber E. Enterotoxigenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goats' milk cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2008;124:211-6.
|
| 5. | Talakal TS, Dwivedi SK, Sharma SR. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of Xanthium strumarium leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1995;49:141-5.
|
| 6. | Nieves JL, Padilla L, Del Carmen M, Rodríguez HR, Simón GG, Freixas C, et al. Efecto diurético del Xanthium strumarium L. (Guizazo de Caballo). Rev Cuba Plant Med 1999;1:22-5.
|
| 7. | Hsu FL, Chen YC, Cheng JT. Caffeic acid as active principle from the fruit of Xanthium strumarium to lower plasma glucose in diabetic rats. Planta Med 2000;66:228-30.
|
| 8. | Sharma SR, Singh D, Khan FA, Swarankar CP, Bhagwan PS. Anthelmintic activity of Xanthium strumarium against Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Indian J Anim Sci 2003;73:342-4.
|
| 9. | Lavault M, Landreau A, Larcher G, Bouchara JP, Pagniez F, Le Pape P, et al. Antileishmanial and antifungal activities of xanthanolides isolated from Xanthium macrocarpum. Fitoterapia 2005;76:363-6.
|
| 10. | Favier LS, María AO, Wendel GH, Borkowski EJ, Giordano OS, Pelzer L, et al. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of xanthanolide sesquiterpenes from Xanthium cavanillesii in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;100:260-7.
|
| 11. | Kim IT, Park YM, Won JH, Jung HJ, Park HJ, Choi JW, et al. Methanol extract of Xanthium strumarium L. possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:94-100.
|
| 12. | Anjoo K, Kumar SA. Phytopharmacological review of Xanthium strumarium L.(Cocklebur). J Pharm Pract Res 2010;4:129-39.
|
| 13. | Kim YS, Kim JS, Park SH, Choi SU, Lee CO, Kim SK, et al. Two cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Xanthium strumarium and their in vitro inhibitory activity on farnesyltransferase. Planta Med 2003;69:375-7.
[PUBMED] |
| 14. | Mandala SC, Dharab AK, Kumara CK, Maitic BC. Neuropharmacological activity of Xanthium strumarium Linn. extract. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 2001;8:69-77.
|
| 15. | Qin L, Han T, Li H, Zhang Q, Zheng H. A new thiazinedione from Xanthium strumarium. Fitoterapia 2006;77:245-6.
|
| 16. | Bisht NPS, Singh R. Chemical investigation of the leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. J Indian Chem Soc 1978; 55: 707-8.
|
| 17. | Taher HA, Ubiergo GO, Talenti ECJ. Constituents of the essential oil of Xanthium strumarium. J Nat Prod 1985;48:857-7.
|
| 18. | Sheu S, Hsu F, Tai H, Sheu M, Huang M. Determination of xanthii constituents by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Food Drug Anal 2003;11:67-71.
|
| 19. | Yadava RN, Jharbade J. Novel biologically active triterpenoid saponin from the leaves of Xanthium strumarium Linn. Asian J Chem 2007;19:1224-30.
|
| 20. | Srinivas PV, Rao RU, Venkateshwarulu EL, Kumar AC. Phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial investigation of the methanolic extract of Xanthium strumarium leaf. Int J Drug Dev Res 2011;3:245-51.
|
| 21. | Lingnert H, Vallentin K, Eriksson CE. Measurement of antioxidative effect in model system. J Food Process Preserv 1979;3:87-103.
|
| 22. | Shimada K, Fujikawa K, Yahara K, Nakamura T. Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J Agric Food Chem 1992;40:945-8.
|
| 23. | Li W, Roberts DP, Dery PD, Meyer SL, Lohrke S, Lumsden RD, et al. Broad spectrum anti-biotic activity and disease suppression by the potential biocontrol agent Burkholderia ambifaria BC-F. Crop Prot 2002;21:129-35.
|
| 24. | Palombo EA, Semple SJ. Antibacterial activity of Australian plant extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). J Basic Microbiol 2002;42:444-8.
|
| 25. | Tohidpour A, Sattari M, Omidbaigi R, Yadegar A, Nazemi J. Antibacterial effect of essential oils from two medicinal plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Phytomedicine 2010;17:142-5.
|
| 26. | Rad JS, Alfatemi MH, Rad MS, Sen DJ. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Essential Oils and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extracts from Flower and Stem of Sinapis arvensis L. Am J Advan Drug Deliv 2013;1:1-10.
|
| 27. | Bendiabdellah ME, Amine Dib ME, Meliani N, Muselli A, Nassim D, Tabti B, et al. Antibacterial activity of Daucus crinitus essential oils along the vegetative life of the plant. J Chem 2013;1:7-12.
|
| 28. | Mahida Y, Mohan JS. Screening of plants for their potential antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus and Salmonella spp. Nat Prod Rad 2007;6:301-5.
|
| 29. | Khuda F, Iqbal Z, Khan A, Nasir ZF, Khan MS. Validation of some of the ethnopharmacological uses of Xanthium strumarium and Duchesnea indica. Pak J Bot 2012;44:1199-201.
|
| 30. | Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. France: Lavoisiler Publishing Co.; 1995. p. 265-380.
|
| 31. | Suresh PK, Sucheta S, Sudarshana VD, Selvamani P, Latha S. Antioxidant activity in some selected Indian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol 2008;7:1826-8.
|
| 32. | Rad JS, Alfatemi SMH, Rad MS, M Iriti. Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activities of Different Parts of Nitraria schoberi L. TBAP; 2014;4:44-51.
|
| 33. | Sarla S, Prakash MA, Apeksha R, Subhash C. Free radical scavenging (DPPH) and ferric reducing ability (FRAP) of Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall) Parker. Int J Drug Dev Res 2011;3:271-4.
|
| 34. | Kamboj A, Atri P, Saluja AK. Phytochemical screening, in vitro evaluation of antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of leaves, stems and roots of Xanthium strumarium L., (Compositeae). Br J Pharm Res 2014;4:1-22.
|
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
The effectiveness of Xanthium strumamrium L. extract and Trichoderma spp. against pomegranate isolated pathogenic fungi in taif, saudi arabia |
|
| Mohamed M. Hassan, Mohamed M. Soliman, Saad Al-Otaibi, Ahmed M. El-Shehawi, El-Kazafy A. Taha, Samy Sayed | | Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2022; : 102185 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Assessment and Evaluation of the Leaf Extract of Begonia barbata to the Reduction LDL-Cholesterol in Carbamazepine Induced Obese Rats |
|
| | | American Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences. 2021; : 17 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
A review on medicinal plant extracts and their active ingredients against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus |
|
| Marzieh Askarinia,Ali Ganji,Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh,Sajad Hasanzadeh,Bahram Mohammadi,Farideh Ghalamfarsa,Ghasem Ghalamfarsa,Hassan Mahmoudi | | Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2019; 8(3): 173 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Mediterranean Wild Edible Plants: Weeds or “New Functional Crops”? |
|
| Costanza Ceccanti,Marco Landi,Stefano Benvenuti,Alberto Pardossi,Lucia Guidi | | Molecules. 2018; 23(9): 2299 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Alstonia scholaris, Alstonia venenata, and Moringa oleifera Plants from India |
|
| Gholamreza Bagheri,Mehdi Mirzaei,Raheleh Mehrabi,Javad Sharifi-Rad | | Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2016; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Composition, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Satureja intermedia C.A.Mey Essential Oil |
|
| Javad Sharifi-Rad,Mehdi Sharifi-Rad,Seyedeh Hoseini-Alfatemi,Marcello Iriti,Majid Sharifi-Rad,Marzieh Sharifi-Rad | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(8): 17812 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Phytochemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Xanthium strumarium L. |
|
| Javad Sharifi-Rad,Seyedeh Hoseini-Alfatemi,Majid Sharifi-Rad,Mehdi Sharifi-Rad,Marcello Iriti,Marzieh Sharifi-Rad,Razieh Sharifi-Rad,Sara Raeisi | | Molecules. 2015; 20(4): 7034 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Preparation of Strong Antidandruff Shampoo Using Medicinal Plant Extracts: A Clinical Trial and Chronic Dandruff Treatment |
|
| Masoud Sahraie-Rad,Azadeh Izadyari,Saharnaz Rakizadeh,Javad Sharifi-Rad | | Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2015; 10(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities ofTeucrium persicumBoiss. Extract in Mice |
|
| Abdolhossein Miri,Javad Sharifi-Rad,Kaveh Tabrizian,Ali Akbar Nasiri | | Scientifica. 2015; 2015: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for